Yoshiharu Soeta "Dynamic analysis, psychological and physiological evaluations of the visual enviroment" In this study, physical analysis, phychological and physiological evaluations of dynamic visual enviroments were discussed. Attempts are conducted to apply preference theory for sound fields to visual realm. To investigate how the periodical flicker and movements in vertical and horizontal directions are preferred, preference judgments were conducted by paired-comparison tests. Results show that each stimulus has each preference period. The scale value of preference is formulated approximately in terms of the 3/2 power of the normalized period of stimulus. It is interesting that this formulation corresponds to that of temporal factors in sound fields. Relationships between the subjective preference and the factors extracted from the autocorrelation function (ACF) and the cross-correlation (CCF) of the EEG and MEG alpha-waves were investigated. Remarkably, preferred stimulus shows a significantly longer effective duration of the ACF of the alpha-waves than that of less preferred stimulus. This tendency has also found in previous studies that varied the delay time of a single sound reflection and the reverberation time of a music sound field. Also, the preferred stimulus shows a significantly greater magnitude of the CCF between the alpha waves from different location on the brain. Thus, a similar rhythm repeats over a wider range of brain, in both space and time, under a preferred condition. Kenji Fujii "Perception and psychological evaluation for visual and auditory enviroment based on correlation mechanisms" In this dissertation, the correlation mechanism in modeling the process in the visual perception is introduced. It has been well described that the correlation mechanism is effective for describing subjective attributes in auditory perception. The main result is that it is possible to apply the correlation mechanism to the process in temporal vision and spatial vision, as well as in audition. Psychophysical experiment was performed on subjective flicker rates for complex waveforms. A remarkable result is that the phenomenon of missing fundamental is found in temporal vision as analogous to the auditory pitch perception. This implies the existence of correlation mechanism in visual system. For spatial vision, the autocorrelation analysis provides useful measures for describing three primary perceptual properties of visual texture: contrast, coarseness, and regularity. Another experiment showed that the degree of regularity is a salient cue for texture preference judgment. In addition, the autocorrelation function (ACF) and inter-aural cross-correlation function (IACF) were applied for analysis of the temporal and spatial properties of environmental noise. It was confirmed that the acoustical properties of aircraft noise and traffic noise are well described. These analyses provided useful parameters extracted from the ACF and the IACF in assessing the subjective annoyance for noise. Jyunko Atagi "Subjective Evaluation of Temporal Fluctuation of Sound Source and Sound field" The temporal fluctuation of sound source and sound field is investigated in terms of physical and psychological approaches. Physical properties of temporal fluctuation were analyzed by the autocorrelation function of sound source and sound field based on the human auditory-brain system. Psychological experiments were conducted on subjective evaluation of temporal fluctuation of sound source and sound field. The relationship between the physical properties and the subjective evaluation was discussed. The physical properties of the temporal fluctuation of sound field are identified by the effective duration τe and the envelope of the autocorrelation function of the sound field. The subjective preference and the perception of the echo in the time-variant sound field can be described by the effective duration τe and the envelope of the autocorrelation function of the sound field The physical properties of the traffic noise are identified by the temporal factors τ1 and τe of the autocorrelation function of the sound source. The subjective annoyance of the traffic noise is associated with the temporal factors τ1 and τe of the autocorrelation function of the sound source. Kazi Saifuddin "Duration Sensation in Relation to the Autocorrelation Function of Sound Stimuli " To examine the subjective reality of temporal duration in the primary sensation of sound stimuli, psychophysical test methods were used. The properties of sound stimuli were determined by the factors extracted from its autocorrelation function (ACF). The duration sensation (DS) of pure tone stimuli with longer τ1 (lower frequencies) were found as longer than that of pure tone with smaller τ1. The DSs of the complex-tone stimuli with larger τ1 (lower fundamental frequencies or lower pitch) were found to be longer than those stimuli with smaller τ1 or higher fundamental frequency or higher pitches. The DSs of a white-noise stimulus were found to be longer than that of pure-tone stimuli (1000Hz) under the same SPL (80dB(A)). The DSs of bandpass-noise stimuli with lower center frequencies or lower pitch (larger τ1) were found to be longer than those stimuli with higher center frequency or higher pitch. The DSs of bandpass-noise stimuli (five center frequencies with selected bandwidths) were found to be longer than that of a white-noise stimulus with the same sound-pressure level and duration under reverberation condition. Hihoyuki Sakai "Acoustic Measurements and the Individual Subjective Evaluation for Sound Fields" The acoustical measurement procedures for a concert hall can be applied for a sound field in an opera house and outdoor sound fields in forests. Some specific sound fields, which are different from that in a concert hall, are obtained for both sound fields. Especially complicated initial reflections are obtained in such sound fields. To confirm the subjective preference theory for an opera house, the relationship between the scale values of subjective preference and the orthogonal physical factors was examined by factor analysis. The results showed that the scores for different source locations on the stage and in the orchestra pit obtained by factors analysis is similar to those of the concert hall investigated. Subjective preference judgments in a sound field simulation room. The investigation in relation to LL shows that subjects with a large value of coefficient α have small intra-individual changes, so that the range of [LL]p was small. On the other hand, subjects with small α value have minor preference as the parameter changed. The investigation in relation to Tsub shows that subjects with large α values indicate smaller intra-individual changes, so the standard deviation of log ([Tsub]p,m/[Tsub]p,) is small as well as the investigation for LL. On the other hand, subjects with small α values without sharp curves show minor preference as Tsub chaged. Shigeo Hase "Reverberance and Its Control in Relation to the Physical Factors of Sound Fields in Halls " To calculate reverberance at each seat in a concert hall and to control reverberance to suit the given condition, the relationship between reverberance of the sound field and the orthogonal physical factors (LL,Δt1,Tsub,IACC) was investigated. Δt1 and Tsub have independent influence on reverberance.　Reverberance increases when both Δt1 and Tsub are increased. The contribution of each factor greatly differs depending on the (τe )min values of the source signal. LL and IACC have independent influence on reverberance. Reververance increased when is LL increased and when IACC is decreased. There is no significant difference for different (τe )min values of the source signals. LL and Tsub have independent influence on reverberance. Reververance increased when both LL and Tsub are increased. The scale value of reverberance of a sound field in a hall can be described by the four orthogonal physical factors: LL, Δt1, Tsub and IACC. The reverberance of an existing hall can be appropriately controlled by using the relationship between reverberance and the orthogonal physical factors obtained from this study. Akio Takatsu "Blending Architectural and Acoustic Factors in Designing an Eventhall " Multi-purpose-event-hall, which was required round-shape form for the reason to satisfied the architectural concept of complex, was designed with the design-flow which blended the temporal and spatial design of architecture with the temporal and spatial design of acoustics. Design-methods to eliminate acoustic problems occurred by circular plan Through the temporal design both of architectural and acoustic design, following conclusion was arrived. Efficiency of the hybrid reverberation control system which was consisted with architectural-acoustic and electric-acoustic was verified in multi-purpose event-hall. Through the spatial design both of architectural and acoustic design, following conclusions were arrived. The reflector panels in the side of stage and seating-area are efficient to decrease IACC and to get uniformity of SPL. The reflector panels above the stage which have appropriate angles are efficient to decrease IACC and to get uniformity of SPL. The UFO shaped diffusion panels are efficient to decrease IACC and to make characteristic interior. Through the temporal and spatial design both of architectural and acoustic design, following conclusions were arrived. The SPL-dip in the low frequency in the near front of the stage are improved effectively by the perforated floor. A projected room into center of the hall which has 4.0m in width and 3.0m in depth from outskirts of the circular wall, in efficient to eliminate echo disturbance "Whispering gallery effect". Masatsugu Sakurai "Computational systems for sound fields, as tools in design and diagnosis" The concept of these systems are based on the model of human auditory-brain system including the autocorrelation mechanisms, interaural cross-correlation mechanism, and the specialization of the human cerebral hemispheres. Thesis consists of following four parts: Computer simulation system for calculating the four orthogonal factors (LL, Δt1, Tsub and IACC) at each seat using architectural drawings were developed. The accuracy of this system were examined by comparing the calculated factors with the measured ones at Kirishima International Concert Hall. The diagnostic system to measure the four orthogonal factors and additional factors (τIACC, WIACC and A-value) was developed. This system can be used for the measurement in the scale model. The effect of the reflectors' array above stage which can not calculate at the design stage was evaluated at the scale model measurement of Tsuyama music cultural hall. As an application of the subjective preference theory, seat selection system to maximize the preference of each individual was developed. This system, which is installed in Kirishima International concert hall, can find the seat where the preference is maximized by the paired comparison test with respect to the four orthogonal factors. Noise measurement system to measure and identify the environment noise using the factors extracted from the autocorrelation function (Φ(0), τe, τ1 and φ1) and the factors extracted from the interaural crosscorrelation function (IACC, τIACC, and WIACC) was developed. As an example, noises from different car engines were characterized by these factors measured by this system. Shin-ichi Sato "On the Subjective Responses based on the Auditory-brain Model in relation to the Factors extracted from the Interaural Cross- correlation Mechanism and the Auto-correlation Mechanism of Sound Fields " Based on the auditory-brain model for subjective responses, the author investigated the relationship between several important subjective attributes of the sound field and the orthogonal factors that were extracted from both of the interaural cross-correlation function and the autocorrelation function. There were three significant findings. (1) The apparent source width (ASW) is described by the IACC and the width of the interaural cross-correlation function (WIACC). The scale value of ASW is formulated by superpositioning two terms: the 3/2 power of the IACC and the 1/2 power of the WIACC . (2) The most preferred delay time of a single reflection for a cello soloist can be calculated from the amplitude of the reflection and the minimum value of the effective duration of the running autocorrelation function of the music motifs played by the cellist. (3) From subjective preference tests by paired-comparison method, for different source locations on the stage in an actual concert hall, the subjective preference can be calculated using four orthogonal factors and the interaural time delay of the IACC (τIACC ). When the IACC is not obtained at τIACC = 0, the preference scores decrease rapidly due to an image shift or an unbalanced sound field. Chiung Yao Chen "Analyses of Cortical Continuous Brain Waves in Relation to Subjective Preference of Physical Environments" The aim of this study is to give an integrative approach to a relationship between the subjective preference and the effective duration (tau e) of the autocorrelation function (ACF) in the alpha-wave range of cortical continuous brain waves (CBW) with respect to the simulated changing of the temporal factors for sound fields and a visual field. Typical findings are as follows: (1) The tau e values of the ACF alpha-wave range of CBW are prolonged as the scale values of subjective preference increased in each physical factor changed for the sound fields. (2) Cerebral asymmetries lead to a theory of lateral domination of the human brain on specialized physical information of the sound fields. There are four independent factors which process the temporal and spatial characteristics of sound field. And it is found that the tau e values of the ACF alpha-wave range of CBW are significantly prolonged in the left hemisphere in the case where the temporal factors varied (initial time delay of single reflection, Delta t1; subsequent reverberation time, Tsub), and in the right hemisphere in the case of the spatial factor (IACC). (3) According to individual difference, the ratios of the tau e values of the ACF alpha-wave range of CBW correlate well with the differences of subjective preference in the left hemisphere. (4) Finally, they are successfully applied to basic temporal cognition, for visual tempo as well as auditory tempo. (5) The tau e value of the ACF alpha-wave range of CBW is confirmed as an efficient- and consistent- objective parameter to observe the subjective preference of both auditory and visual perceptions. Yasutaka Ueda "Effects of Fluctuation in Sound Transmission on Objective Sound Fields and Subjective Evaluations" This study is focused on sound pressure level (SPL) fluctuation that was caused by air conditioning in the gymnasium and the relationship between this fluctuation and subjective evaluation. From the results of physical examinations, it is found that significant fluctuation in SPL are observed on sound transmission at high frequencies. The cumulative distribution of the mean-squared amplitude, which was measured in the gymnasium, fits the Nakagami-Rice distribution. The distribution of mean-squared amplitude simulated by the impulse response model also fits the Nakagami-Rice distribution. It is confirmed that the mechanism of the fluctuation can be represented by the impulse response in which the delay time of reflection sound varies with time. From the results of psychological experiments, it is found that sound fluctuation contributes to increase the subjective preference in the case of fast-tempo music which has a short effective duration of autocorrelation function (ACF), tau e. For such a sound stimulus with tau e = 43 ms, it is found that the most preferred sound field can be obtained when the modulation interval is about 13.0 ms. Other findings are summarized. I Gde Nyoman Merthayasa "Loudness in Relation to the Autocorrelation Function of Sound Field in a Room" The loudness is described in relation to the effective duration of the autocorrelation function (ACF) of sound signals. The main results are as follows: (1) The effective duration, tau e (defined as the ten percentile delay), of ACF of the sound signals in a room is deeply related to the temporal structure of the reflections and the subsequent reverberation time. (2) The loudness in terms of the scale value for a bandpass noise signal with longer tau e is higher than that of the signal with a shorter tau e . (3) When a sharp filter with more than 1000 dB/oct. is used in producing bandpass noise, then loudness within the "critical band" is not constant in contradiction with the previous theory. (4) The loudness of sound is increased with increasing reverberation time. (5) The loudness is independent of the magnitude of the interaural crosscorrelation (IACC). Yuji Korenaga A Method of Calculating Monosyllable Intelligibility of Sound Field in Relation to Temporal Structures First, in order to investigate the Japanese monosyllable intelligibility in sound field composed by the direct sound and one or two reflections, tests were conducted in a laboratory. The results indicated that (1) syllable confusions are deeply related to both temporal structures of the syllable and the sound field; and (2) the degree of syllable confusions may be classified by the category of consonants (voiced or unvoiced) and the category of vowels (contracted or noncontracted). Second, in order to calculate such confusion by use of a temporal structure of the sound field, the running autocorrelation function (ACF) of each monosyllable was analyzed. According to the temporal behavior of the running ACF, confusion seems to be explained. Then, the confusion model in speech perception with the logarithmic conversion for the frequency scale, calculating the syllable confusion rate by the use of the distance of delta cepstrum [S. Furui, IEEE Trans. Acoust. Speech Signal Process,ASPP-34, 52-59 (1986)], is applied for the syllable intelligibility for the sound field. The rate of change of the temporal structure of sound-field conditions is derived by the linear predictive coding products. Calculated results demonstrates similar tendencies to those measured in all of the classified syllable groups. Prabhat Kumar Singh "Individual Differences in Subjective Evaluations for Sound Field" In order to analyze individual's responses obtained in the paired-comparison test for a single observation, an approximate method for estimating scale values is established along with its goodness of fit test. This method works in the linear range of the plot of cumulative normal distribution curve. Previously, independence of objective parameters [listening level, delay time, subsequent reverberation time, and the magnitude of interaural crosscorrelation (IACC)] in subjective preference for sound fields was found over global responses. This study deals with individual differences and independence of objective parameters at an individual level. Results revealed that (i) an individual shows independence of objective parameters in preference for sound fields and (ii) individual differences were found in preference for listening level, delay time, and subsequent reverberation time, whereas IACC was found to be a consensus parameter. Individual difference in subjective preference for sound fields may be quantitatively expressed in terms of the most preferred values of the objective parameters and weighting coefficients of preference evaluation scale. Intra-individual differences for the preference for delay time were found to be not significant in short duration. Individual responses for subjective diffuseness of 1/3-octave-band pass noise (center frequencies: 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, and 4 kHz) were also investigated. Results showed consensus responses for subjective diffuseness created with the magnitude of IACC. Tatsumi Nakajima "Speech Intelligibility and Clarity Related to Spatial-Binaural Factor for Sound Field in a Room" Previously, speech intelligibility (SI) for a sound field was investigated based only on the temporal-monaural factor or STI. This study has clarified effects of the spatial-binaural factor for sound fields affecting SI and speech clarity (SC). Results of a series of intelligibility and paired comparison tests for sound fields with the single reflection and multiple reflections indicate as follows: (1) effects of the delay time (Delta t1) and the horizontal direction (xi) of the single reflections on SI are fully independent of each other; (2) SC depends greatly on the IACC; (3) the IACC affects SI, even though the best-ear STI (BESTI: the greatest value in STIs measured at the two ears) is fixed; (4) SI may be calculated by adding both effects of STI and IACC independently. In order to control the IACC in a real room, a simple method of calculating IACC is proposed here, and a method of obtaining small IACC values in a room is described. Seong-Hoon Kang "Subjective Response and Auditory Evoked Response for Sound Environments" The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the physiological and subjective responses, and to identify the auditory mechanism of the human brain to make it available for room acoustic design. The main results are as follows: (1) The auditory evoked potential (AEP) and subjective preference for sound fields were examined as a function of delay-time of reflection (Delta t1). The information related to subjective preference appeared in the latency components of AEP, in which a relatively long-latency response was observed at the most preferred Delta t1. (2) A tendency of increasing latency with decreasing the magnitude of the interaural crosscorrelation (IACC) was observed. (3) As an application of cerebral hemisphere specialization, the different effects of noise and music on mental tasks was found. A task of an addition of figures as a left-hemisphere task was disturbed by music stimulus. This is due to interaction between the task of the addition and hearing music in the left hemisphere, whereas there was no detrimental effect under noise and no-sound stimulus because the task and the stimulus may be separately processed in different cerebral hemispheres. As effects of noise on performing a pattern search as a right-hemisphere task, the subjects tended to show instantaneous agitations in their working curves, since noise with no meaning is processed in the right hemisphere.